d66/d18 Flails

You should look at Mork Borg if you don't already know about it; it was because of a Twitter exchange with them that I've thrown together this table of random flails.

Bear in mind, the flail familiar to us from consumable media is not necessarily a replicable historical object (see The Curious Case of the Weapon That Didn't Exist* and The Case Against the Medieval Ball and Chain).

I'm not an expert, nor a mall ninja, so I'm not making any claims to historicity, to realism or to simulationism.

Flails in Game.

• will have a feature like Awkward, Clumsy, Heavy or even all three
• primary special: ignore shields (flails strike over or round them)
• optional/secondary special: chains can be used to snare & disarm 
• on a fumble, you definitely hit yourself

1st d6 (1-2) 2nd d6:

1. Death Tolls Twice: double-ended flail; wield it like a quarterstaff, if your Strength is 15+.
2. Whirligig: triple-headed throwing flail; whirl to wind it up, then hit the release.
3. Flagellant’s Friend: three slungshot on a rod; subdual damage.
4. Flagellant’s Favourite: nine hooked chains on a haft.
5. Flagellant’s Fine Fellow: spiked iron paddle on a short chain, heated red hot; stout, two-handed haft.
6. Star of Dawn: not a morning star.

1st d6 (3-4) 2nd d6:

1. Hunter’s Belt: not a triple-headed morning star.
2. Goddess of Love: not a morning star with a hollow head for burning sulphur; three-headed version is The Triple Goddess.
3. Tresses of Medusa: three, six or nine chains on a haft; spiked balls are hollow as venom reservoirs.
4. Throne of Skulls: triple-headed skull flail with spring-loaded snapping jaws.
5. Dragon’s Neck: flanged/spiked head on a telescopic chain; reach weapon or actual hookshot-from-Zelda, depending on your campaign.
6. Meteor Hammer: double-headed long fighting chain; flanged/spiked heads forged of starmetal/meteoric iron; cage heads for combustible material.

1st d6 (5-6) 2nd d6:

1. Ogre’s Choice: 3+ sword/axe blades on short chains; two-handed haft, Str 15+ to wield. Stupid idea; looks intimidating.
2. Murther of Crows: double- or triple-headed straight-bladed sickle flail; two-handed haft.
3. Gentleman’s Flail: bafflingly petite quadruple-headed spiked flail; hollow handle for drinky-poos or secret notes from/to your beloved.
4. Shooting Star: unassuming single-headed one-handed flail with a pistol built into the haft.
5. Shield Splitter: enormous two-handed single-headed spiked flail, Str 15+ to wield; anytime a shield foils an attack from this, it has to save vs. crushing blow.
6. People’s Friend: repurposed agricultural flail; studded with nails; dipped in shit.

*The Weapon That Didn't Exist.

• Only available in post-medieval time periods, this is an apparently ordinary flail, morning star or chain weapon.
• Once claimed, it can only be relinquished on your death or by a quest, remove curse or similar.
• It does not exist, has no encumbrance value and is completely undetectable except when you are wielding it in combat; it is always your primary melee weapon and appears in your hand. You can still wield other weapons in your off-hand.
• If you attempt to put it down or pass it to someone else, it vanishes until you next wield it in combat.
• If you are disarmed, it vanishes as it leaves your grip but will be in hand at the start of the next combat round.

Edit: Table removed for wider browser compatibility.

Rangers are Bugbears and/or Halflings

Here are two different Rangers for Old School D&D adjacent games [edit: three, there's two Bugbear Rangers]. They owe a debt to two posts, both from B/X Blackrazor. The first I've already linked to in my recent post on halflings. The second, I just read yesterday and it helped condense some Ranger-based thoughts brought on by finding out about the pioneer sergeant/assault pioneers (beards, axes, clearing the way ahead).

None of these gets any spell-casting ability; that's on you if that's what you need.

[edit: Sorry they're not actually Halflings or Bugbears, either; that's also on you if that's what you need]

Old School Ranger as Halfling.

Halflings are stealthy, swift and hardy, so are Rangers.

• Use the Halfling class, but call it a Ranger. That's it. 
• AC bonus vs. larger-than-human covers AD&D 1e/2e bonuses vs. 'giant-class'/favoured enemy.
• Missile and Initiative bonuses are Ranger appropriate.
• Outdoor stealth is a no-brainer.
• Armour choices map to AD&D 1e.
• Weapon restrictions would fit with the environment of crowded trees and tangled undergrowth.

Further Elaboration (untested).

• Use Cleric or Thief saves instead, to offset the following.
• Give 2d6D1 hp at 1st level.
• Track as find secret doors/traps (or INT/WIS check).
• No XP bonus for high Ability Scores.

Old School Ranger as Bugbear.

(The B/X Blackrazor post explains what I mean better than me re-hashing it)

A bit more difficult, as there isn't a core class that can be directly reskinned.

Dwarf Hack (untested).

• Use the Dwarf class as the base, but regular Fighter saves.
• Feature swap: instead of infravision, they get the Bugbear's ability to surprise 1-3 on d6.
• Feature swap: instead of languages, they get 2d8D1 hp at 1st level.
• Feature swap: instead of detection, they can track 1-2 on d6.
• Same reasons for their weapon restrictions as Old School Ranger as Halfling.

Orcs of Thar Bugbear Hack (untested).

• Use the Bugbear class as the base.
• Do not apply Ability Score adjustments at chargen.
• Do not use negative XP levels (Youngster, Teenager).
• No infravision.
• Surprise 1-3 on d6.
• Start with 3d8+1 hp; no additional hp at 3rd & 7th level.
• Tracks as find secret doors/traps (or INT/WIS check).
• No XP bonus for high Ability Scores.

Commentary.

Rural folk hero, incognito king, brutal forester, unsociable monster hunter, practical bandit, hippy with a bow...

The Ranger is one of my all-time favourite* D&D classes (more accurately 1e/2e AD&D), and one that was conspicuously missing from the archetypes presented to me in my earliest game materials (the version in MERP didn't inspire much, but that was for me a wider problem with the setting and system).

1e Ranger was interesting; 2e was more like how I thought a Ranger should/would be (dual-wielding seemed right, though I wasn't aware of the influence of Drizzt Do'Urden on this). The modified Ranger of 1e Lankhmar setting, attaching to Fafhrd and assorted berserkers, and lacking alignment constraints, was a stepping stone between the two. 

My conception of the ranger was influenced more by reading the statblocks in White Dwarf, the brief description in What Is Dungeons & Dragons?, and hot-pants-and-face-like-a-crumpled-apple Aragorn of Ralph Bakshi's LOTR (first voice crush was likely John Hurt, though could just as easily be from Watership Down), than it was by what was intended in 1e AD&D. 

This conception has been updated since I came off ttrpg hiatus.

* My favourite is multi-class Fighter/Druid.

Abstract Hit Points and the Casualty Table.

If you're not familiar with at least some of the various arguments, controversies and problems D&D-adjacent, inflationary hit points raise, or you want a refresher, top of Google is The Alexandrian; a bit further down and more recently (it still goes on), Kabouter Games with Gygax quotes and (oh!) a link to The Alexandrian as well. And this at Mythlands of Erce from in between.

I'm assuming combat or at least bodily injury are going to be aspects of the game I make/play; at the moment, I'm using Hit Dice and hit points to keep track of wounds in and out of combat for familiarity/ease of use.

One of the first D&D adjacent 'fixes' I can remember thinking about was how to make 1st level characters less squishy; particularly the magic-user and thief. I'm not so old school that my first introduction to ttrpg wasn't framed as hero-on-a-quest; our alternative personas did not feel disposable, we had somewhat different ideas to Gygax et al about how the game was to be played, and we were not interested enough in system implications and intricacies to see them.

CON hp.

The simplest fix, and one that sprang to mind when I was thinking about mortal, mundane characters surviving in my Stranger Aeons setting, is to give starting characters hit points equal to their Constitution score.

Characters still accumulate Hit Dice as they advance levels, but will only increase their max./total hp once they are able to roll more than their CON. A Mentzer Red Box Fighter might do this by 2nd level (2d8); a corresponding MU or Thief might not do the same until 4th (4d4).

Adjustments for high/low CON can be applied as normal, at your option; the 'extra' hit points are only meant to help the character survive the first phase of the campaign, so it goes back to normal in the end.

The Casualty Table.

The Casualty Table is an alternative to death at 0hp. The spread of 2d6 means that a Serious Wound is a likely outcome, but that's better than instant death, isn't it?

The table's at the end because I kept messing up the formatting of the post.

• At 0 hp or below, you roll 2d6 and consult the Casualty Table;
• Casualty = prone, helpless, vulnerable to coup de grace/all hits are critical;
• Recovery Roll at the end of each round; if you succeed, back to 1 hp at the beginning of the next (3d6 vs. modified CON or just a d6 vs. TN - one or the other);
• Mortal wound, you need help from someone else to recover;
• Graze, you automatically recover at the beginning of the next round with at least 1 hit point (roll d6, maybe even with CON mod).

Further Elaboration.

• Damage in excess of 0 hp means instant death at a certain total. I've seen and used -3 and -10, as well as a total equal to your level. I'm planning to use CON as the threshold.
• Bleeding Casualties: use the d6 Recovery Roll to determine if you're bleeding; lose 1 hp at the end of each round, and then roll d6 Recovery Roll to see if it stops by itself. Mortal wounds always bleed and do not stop on their own. Recovery Roll and Bleeding rolls are separate.
• Automatic Recovery Option: either in round 7 or at the end of the encounter; only Mortal Wounds are exempt.
• CON hp are sort-of your 'body' hp and anything in excess is abstracted (see above).
• Once you drop below CON hp in an adventure, CON hp becomes your maximum until you properly rest up, recover and reroll your hit points (if applicable). Usually means 'return to town'; some spells, potions, miracles overrule this.
• Until properly treated, Wounds could either cap your CON hp at a reduced level until properly treated, or could come straight off your CON if you soldier on.

Logical Progression from Abstract hp?

• Theoretical, planning to try next time I run a one-shot, and assuming only d6 HD.
• If hp are abstractions, representing things like divine favour, skill at arms, blind luck, stamina, morale etc., then maybe we can use them dynamically? Or, at least HD.
• Instead of just rolling up a starting pot of hp, expend them for rerolls on the Casualty Table, Recovery Roll or Bleeding rolls: you could do both with enough HD; you already have at least CON hp.
• Unused HD can be expended in combat to reduce damage taken or after a successful Recovery Roll to roll some new hp so you can jump straight back into the fray.
• Once used, you only get your HD back through proper rest and recovery, even if you somehow get hp over your CON hp before this.

2d6	Wound	Recovery Roll (3d6)	Bleeding/ Recovery Roll (d6)	Max. Con hp
2	Mortal	help only	help only	3
3-5	Critical	Con -6	6	Con -6
6-8	Serious	Con -3	4+	Con -3
9-11	Light	Con -1	2+	Con -1
12	Graze	automatic	automatic	Con